Year 5

Supervisor: Mitja Gombač

Administration veterinary medicine

Familiarisation with veterinary legislation and organisation of the veterinary profession in Slovenia and the EU, as well as the importance and development of veterinary medicine in society, including systems for the prevention, control and eradication of infectious animal diseases, animal protection legislation and epidemiological methods of treatment of infectious animal diseases.

Judicial veterinary medicine

Familiarisation with the content of the Laws on Obligations, Criminal Code, Guarantee, Contracts, Liability and Forensic Assessment of Individual Infectious and Non-Infectious Animal Diseases, as well as the basic issues of veterinary ethics and deontology.

Supervisor: Nataša Tozon

Familiarisation with the course of diseases, diagnostics, conservative and surgical treatment of individual diseases in cats and dogs, as well as their prevention and suppression, and the transmission of some of them to humans. Familiarisation with correct and modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as well as correct communication with clients, other colleagues, other veterinary institutions and the public.

Supervisor: Andrej Kirbiš

Familiarisation with the elements of the health appropriateness and quality of meat, fish, eggs, honey and other products. Learning about the criteria for categorisation of meat on the slaughter line, which serves as a basis for the formation of the purchase price of animals and the criteria for categorisation of meat for sale to consumers. Familiarisation with the basics of technological production processes. During the exercises, students carry out microbiological, toxicological and chemical analyses, which are necessary when deciding on health appropriateness as well as on the quality of products, in accordance with existing regulations.

Familiarisation with the elements of health appropriateness and quality of milk and dairy products and certain foods of plant origin. In addition, students are acquainted with the criteria that affect the formation of the purchase price of milk (protein and fat content in milk, the number of microorganisms and somatic cells, the presence of inhibitory substances and counterfeiting by adding water) and learn about the basics of technological production processes. During the exercises, students perform microbiological, toxicological and chemical analyses, which are necessary for deciding on the health suitability of milk and products, as well as for determining the quality, in accordance with the existing quality regulations.

Supervisor: Joško Račnik

Students learn about the most common diseases - clinical picture, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnostic methods, therapies, anaesthesia, some surgical procedures, and disease prevention in birds (domestic birds, birds of prey, wild birds), small mammals (ferrets, rabbits, rodents) and reptiles (lizards, turtles, snakes). Familiarisation with the use of drugs in these species and procedures for emergency treatment. Familiarisation with the possibilities of protection against mechanical damage and zoonoses. Acquaintance with the endangerment of individual non-harmonised animal species.

Supervisor: Olga Zorman Rojs

The subject deals theoretically and practically with diseases and the manner of implementation of the entire healthcare of poultry. It acquaints students with the intensive breeding of economically important species of poultry, the principles and technology of breeding, but primarily with the special pathology of poultry, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases as well as metabolic disorders.

Supervisor: Gorazd Vengušt

Familiarisation with the concept of game, their number and their role in nature, and the biotopes that they inhabit. Understanding the origin, course and end of major diseases in game. Students learn about the role of biotic and abiotic influences on the occurrence of diseases, and their dependence on the state of the environment. They also learn about the biology and ecology of the main species of game in Slovenia, and their nutritional, reproductive and settlement specificity.

Supervisor: Marina Štukelj

The subject comprehensively deals with the healthcare of pigs in both intensive and extensive breeding. It acquaints students theoretically and practically with the principles of pig breeding technology, biosafety, welfare of pigs, the most important infectious, deficiency, organic and parasitic diseases of pigs from etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and the clinical picture to pathoanatomical changes, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, treatment and preventive measures. It teaches students how to approach and handle pigs, implementation of the most common procedures performed on pigs, and how to take various types of samples for laboratory diagnosis. The subject prepares students for independent clinical work in terms of interpretation of production results, prevention, diagnostics and curative treatment.

Supervisor: Martin Dobeic

Did you know that:

• as a species, dogs are unique among domesticated animals, as many aspects of their behaviour are functionally analogous to relevant human traits. Socialisation to humans has become a completely natural process in dogs, as dogs and humans have had a relationship for more than 15,000 years.
• cats share 95.6% of their genetic material of DNA with tigers. And also, they sleep for as much as 70% of their life.
• abnormal animal behaviour in zoos may include stereotypical behaviour called zoochosis (Travers, 1992). These behaviours are the result of “frustration with natural patterns of behaviour, impaired brain function, or repeated attempts to solve a problem” (Mason, 2005).
• when cleaning cages and changing litter of laboratory rodents, they should not be changed completely because the smell of excrement creates their home environment.
• individual human-animal relationships require individual recognition. In the early stages of creating a relationship, animals use sight and not smell, which is a common misconception.
• many animals clearly express their emotions, such as elephants, who are extremely connected and perform a mourning ritual when a family member is lost. The same is true for magpies (corvids in general).
• a study on animal psychology showed that dogs will approach a person crying sooner than any other person. The researchers posed the question of whether dogs understand our pain. New research has shown that dogs do respond to crying, although it is not yet clear whether or not pets feel empathy for human pain.

In the elective course ‘Ethology in Animal Healthcare’, students learn why animals behave the way they do. Even though the behaviour of certain species of animals seems quite normal to us, there is a series of inherited, learned and reflexive responses behind it. These are much more complex than just reactions to stimuli. Therefore, this subject delves a little into the history and evolution of behaviour, examines the origin and power of instinct, and further discusses the cognitional, emotional intelligence, and communication abilities of animals between their own species and man. There will be another brief focus on the functioning of the role of neurohormonal processes responsible for animal behaviour. And since the subject of farm animals has already been covered quite extensively, there will be a focus on carnivores, i.e. cats and dogs, the problem of abandoned animals, the problems of animals in zoos, shelters and sanctuaries, the behaviour of rodents and laboratory animals and the behaviour of exotic and wild bird species. Particular emphasis will be placed on the human-animal relationship, the ethical views of man on animals, and the therapeutic effects of animals on man. Of course, the behaviour of animals is linked to their well-being.

The course takes the form of seminar exercises, which means that the work is mainly focused on the preliminary preparation and presentation of seminar topics, which groups of students present to their fellow students, followed by relaxed discussion hours in which the issues are discussed. In addition, some external lecturers are invited to illustrate certain animal behaviours in a different way and from other angles…. for example, the biology and behaviour of Adriatic porpoises/dolphins and the reasons and elimination of disorders in the behaviour of dogs. The goal is to learn about typical ethograms and the reactions of animals, as answers and responses to the environment, so that students are better able to independently analyse and connect ethical, sociological, environmental and habitation problems with the needs of animals.

… hhhmmmm, kaj nisem to na fotkah JAZ?

Supervisor: Janko Mrkun

Practical training and familiarising students with fertility disorders, solving them and active management of animal reproduction. As part of the practicum, students are also introduced to the basics of reproductive surgery and modern techniques of assisted reproduction.

Supervisor: Olga Zorman Rojs

In the subject students deepen their knowledge of the health issues of rabbits bred for various purposes, which also leads to various conditions and disorders associated with breeding methods. Rabbits are bred for meat production in intensive conditions, they are also an additional source of high-quality meat in farmyards (extensive farming methods), and there are an increasing number of pet rabbits. Each method of breeding has its own characteristics, which condition and influence the occurrence of specific diseases, as well as the choice and range of diagnostic procedures and methods of treatment.

The course consists of 20 hours of lectures, which are divided into three themed sections. Within the health issues of rabbits bred in intensive breeding conditions, the welfare of this animal species in connection with the methods of breeding is dealt with in depth, as well as the peculiarities of digestion and nutrition of rabbits and related disease states. Extensive breeding exposes such animals to other health disorders that predominantly occur seasonally. The approach to solving diseases in pet rabbits is a different diagnostic approach, which includes the most modern methods of detecting the causes of the disease and specific knowledge of anaesthesia, surgery and treatment.

As is the case with the lectures, the exercises are also themed. The subject of intensive rabbit breeding is covered. Students learn about the more frequent pathology of these breeds by dissecting rabbits, performing castrations and sterilisation (of dead rabbits) and are familiarised with the diagnostic methods used in rabbit veterinary medicine and their interpretation. A seminar is among the obligations, whereby students prepare a presentation of a particular issue and present it to their peers.

Assistant Professor Jožko Račnik, Dr. Alenka Dovč, assistant dr. Nina Mlakar Hrženjak, and guests who have specific knowledge from individual areas of veterinary medicine and rabbit feed are also invited.

Supervisor: Alenka Dovč

Students will be introduced to the basics of healthcare for reptiles and some other exotic species of animals that people have in their homes as pets. In addition, the subject deals with the optimal conditions for the breeding and care of these species of animals and the trade and sale of strictly protected species.

Brief programme overview

• free choice of individual topics (CITES convention, elimination of prejudices)
• free choice of individual animal species (students may also choose parrots, pigeons, ostriches, frogs, spiders….)
• own choice of field work (work in the zoo, visiting an exhibition of reptiles, working with an inspector, catching frogs, horderstvo, surveys among breeders)
• a common thread throughout the subject (welfare, toxic species, CITES convention, veterinary and environmental legislation)
• many interesting guests who enrich the lectures and lead students into the world of exotics (venomous snakes, spiders, Slovenian species of reptiles - demonstrations of working with live animals)
• active cooperation with students of other faculties (visiting other faculties and round tables on selected topics)
• visiting zoos and fairs at home and further afield
• plenty of individual and independent work (review of poisonous animal species and emphasis on human protection)
• presentation of a seminar paper (in small groups, one to three students) following field work
• giving lectures at secondary schools and other faculties
• and, last but not least, adaptions required due to COVID-19

Lecturer: Assistant Professor Alenka Dovč, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, specialist in birds, small mammals and reptiles

Are cranes bred in Slovenia? How much do we really know about exotic animal species?

Is this a ferret's skull?

Dissections of exotic animal species

What will hatch from these eggs?

Will we also be involved in illegal trade?

Krištof. What does he eat and is it dangerous? What types of animals do people have in Slovenia?
 

Supervisor: Modest Vengušt

An introduction to the problems of the musculoskeletal system of horses with an emphasis on the application of modern clinical knowledge in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases, their diagnosis, treatment of injuries and their prevention. Most of the learning process takes place in the form of clinical exercises on patients.

Lameness is the most common problem among (sports) horses, which:

• adversely affects animal welfare
• has negative economic consequences for their owners

During the course:

• first some basics are repeated
• and then independent problem-oriented work is carried out on patients, including a foot assessment using more advanced tools

Why? Because students become better at:

• identifying and defining lameness
• performing diagnostic procedures
• and defining treatment and prognosis
   

... for diseases that increasingly require veterinary interventions both in Slovenia and throughout the world

Further information is available in the e-classroom.

Supervisor: Jože Starič

In this subject, students deepen their understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence and knowledge of foot diseases. The emphasis is on the identification of diseases and the practical implementation of the treatment of hoofs in the breeding of ruminants. Students will also deepen their knowledge of identifying critical areas in breeding that contribute to higher rates of hoof diseases and will also be able to advise on the remediation of such diseases.

Supervisor: Tadej Malovrh

Understanding the importance of biosecurity and the importance of implementing biosecurity measures. Familiarisation with these measures and their proper implementation in practice. Familiarisation with the specifics of certain diseases from the point of view of biosafety, risk factors for outbreaks and the transmission of diseases and possible consequences.

Supervisor: Tanja Švara, Nataša Tozon

Students deepen their theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of cytology with an emphasis on the patterns and pathological changes most commonly encountered by veterinarians in everyday clinical practice. Additional practical knowledge is the basis for more competent work in clinical practice and a starting point for furthering knowledge in this field.

It is intended for 5th and 6th year students of veterinary medicine who would like to obtain:

• theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of cytology with an emphasis on the patterns and pathological changes most commonly encountered by veterinarians in everyday clinical practice
• a basis for more competent work in clinical practice and a starting point for furthering knowledge in this field

Lectures (13 hours)

All you need to know is that you are independently ‘dealing’ with one of the basic modern methods of diagnosis - diagnostic cytology.

Exercises (23 hours: 4 hours PSC + 4 hours individual + 15 hours LAB)

The exercises are designed so that with the knowledge acquired students are ready to undertake more competent independent work in clinical practice, and in addition have a good starting point to further their knowledge in the field of diagnostic veterinary cytology.

In-depth knowledge enables students to be aware of their own limitations in cytological diagnostics, which makes it easier for them to make judgments about referring more difficult cases to reference laboratories.

Independent work (estimated 60 hours)

You will learn:

• what are the types of cytological samples, methods of sampling and basic staining
• what are the possibilities and limitations of cytological diagnostics
• how to identify artifacts in cytological samples and distinguish them from pathological changes
• how to identify normal tissue and organ cells and inflammatory and neoplasm cells in cytological samples
• how to distinguish between different types of inflammation and in some cases determine the aetiology
• how to distinguish between epithelial, mesenchymal and round-cell neoplasms
• the criteria for assessing malignancy and how to distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasms
• how to identify the most common types of pathological changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue
• how to distinguish between reactive hyperplasia, lymphoma and metastases in lymphatic organs
• how to distinguish between transudate, modified transudate and exudate
• how to distinguish the basic types of joint diseases
• how to identify the most common pathological changes in blood smears
• how to prepare cytological examination reports

Nosilec: Peter Hostnik

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has defined zoonoses as diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrates and humans. Originally, the word zoonosis was used to describe animal diseases, as the Greek word ‘zoon’ means animal. There are over 200 known infectious diseases that can be transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans and vice versa. These diseases can be caused by various parasites, protozoa, moulds, bacteria (including rickettsiae and chlamydia), viruses and prions.

In recent years, the term zoonosis has been included in the activities of the global community under the name ‘One Health’, which implements the idea of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the control and eradication of infectious diseases worldwide in the relationship between animals, humans and the environment. Many emerging diseases in Europe, which are a result of ecological changes, changes in people's demographics and habits, more intensive international transport, and the intensification of livestock production, require the involvement of various professions in the control of these diseases.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable global trend of an increasing incidence of emerging infectious diseases that threaten humanity. Zoonoses that are transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, flies and ticks are the most prevalent among them. The process of occurrence of these diseases, which are the result of changes in the relationship between humans, animals and the environment, requires a new approach to maintaining public health, namely they are treated under a common umbrella called ‘One Health’.

In Slovenia, for several decades the veterinary profession has been continuously cooperating in the control and eradication of many important zoonoses such as brucellosis, rabies, tuberculosis, Q-fever, anthrax, trichinosis, echinococcosis, leptospirosis, chlamydia, influenza, West Nile disease and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, salmonellosis and others. Perhaps such an example of effective cooperation between the veterinary and health services is the rabies control programme. This programme has led to the successful eradication of rabies in foxes in Slovenia through the introduction of oral vaccination. The veterinary profession also cooperates intensively with the health service in the event of resistance of individual bacteria to various antibiotics. In recent years, infections of people with zoonotic potential have been proven in Slovenia for the first time, such as infections with Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Usutu virus and others.

Veterinary doctors not only care for animal health, but in practice as many as half of our colleagues are directly involved in protecting human health, both in preventing various food poisonings of animal origin and the spread of infectious diseases, which are common to both animals and humans, or whether animals are merely a vector of the causative agents of such diseases.

In studies to date students have already become familiar with individual infectious diseases in both basic and clinical subjects. The purpose of the subject Zoonoses is to connect all this knowledge into a whole and to precisely define the connection with human medicine. Students will be acquainted with all the innovations in recent years in the field of epidemiology and the management of infectious diseases with zoonotic potential.

The study content is divided into three parts. Associate Professor Irena Zdovc will present the current material in the field of bacterial and fungal zoonoses, Assistant Professor Aleksandra Vergles Rataj will provide students with in-depth knowledge of the most current parasitic zoonoses, while Professor Peter Hostnik will lecture on zoonoses of viral aetiology.

1. Zoonoses caused by bacteria and fungi

Animal-human coexistence has probably never been so close in history as in recent decades, and animal habitat is expanding accordingly, often to the most intimate corners of human habitation, thus providing plenty of opportunities for the transmission of various microorganisms. Due to their pleasant nature and always well-groomed fur, cats are usually allowed the most privileges, however, it is necessary to be careful with all types of animals - amateur, breeding and even wild. The WHO estimates that zoonotic characteristics can be demonstrated in at least two-thirds of all human infectious diseases. Among the bacterial and fungal zoonoses, those that also occur in Slovenia will be the main focus.

The most important is anthrax (caused by Bacillus anthracis), which is a rare disease in Slovenia, however, it occurs in cattle at several-year intervals. Even more important is the use of the bacterium for bioterrorist purposes, so the disease is still very topical.

A decade ago, Slovenia was surprised by an outbreak of Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii), during which veterinary students also fell ill, which is why the event is even more interesting and instructive. Light will be shed on this case from both the veterinary and the human side.

Brucellosis (Brucella sp.) is a well-controlled zoonosis in Slovenia, however, its constant occurrence in neighbouring countries poses a constant threat to Slovenia. Students will learn about the latest cases of the disease, which were dealt with in collaboration with experts in the field of human medicine.

An infection known as cat scratch disease (caused by Bartonella haenselae) can be very serious. The bacterium parasitizes in the erythrocytes of animals and humans, and cats are a natural reservoir. It is transmitted to humans via saliva through scratches, bites and even licking. If the disease occurs in a family member, it is not necessary to get rid of the cat, but it is preferable to resolve the problem by removing the teeth and claws.

Great attention is also paid to zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted via livestock through food, especially salmonellosis (caused by Salmonella sp.), campylobacteriosis (caused by Campylobacter sp.) and listeriosis (caused by Listeria monocytogenes). These diseases are less pronounced in cases of personal contact with farm animals, however, the transmission of bacteria through food can colonise or infect a larger number of people. In addition, special attention needs to be paid to people who are in direct contact with and who care for animals, i.e. mainly breeders who are with animals every day, as well as veterinarians who come into close contact with them, especially when they are already ill.

Numerous other factors influence additional problems with the onset of zoonotic diseases including the excessive use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. Both professions are aware of the responsibility in the development of many bacteria with different forms of secondary resistance, which greatly complicates the treatment and control of possible outbreaks of various bacterial zoonoses and other bacterial diseases. As a rule, they are not the causative agents of zoonoses in the classical sense of the word, but the problems in human and veterinary medicine are so important and intertwined that a zoonotic meaning cannot be denied. These are mostly bacteria that do not cause specific diseases but can nevertheless be transmitted to humans through animals and, in certain circumstances, pose a direct threat to their health. Their main weapon is resistance genes that both commensal and pathogenic bacteria can possess. Together, however, they contribute to a set of available genes that can be exchanged between related bacteria in different ways. In these cases, zoonotic transmission can occur only at the genetic level, but it is still very effective and can affect larger populations of animals and humans.
 
Dermatophytosis is certainly in first place among fungal zoonooses, of which the most important is microsporosis caused by fungi of the genus Microsporum, most often M. canis and less frequently M. gypseum or M. persicolor. Recently, trichophytosis caused by fungi of the genus Trichophyton (mostly T. mentagrophytes and T. erinacei) has also become more common.

Students will learn about all bacterial and fungal zoonoses on the basis of examples discussed in the framework of routine or research work at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
 

2. Parasitic zoonoses

Parasitic zoonoses are caused by protozoa, helminths (trematodes, cestodes) and nematodes, Acanthocephala, urchins, pentastomides, tongue worms and arthropods, which also play an important role in the transmission of viruses, rickettsiae and bacteria, not by protozoa and helminths. Some parasites have been historically overlooked, such as cryptosporidium or toxoplasma, and today are life-threatening opportunistic pathogens of parasitosis in immunocompromised patients. Many zoonotic parasites include one or more intermediate hosts where further development takes place or the parasites even multiply. Invertebrates (snails or arthropods) or vertebrates can be intermediate hosts. Humans can be the final host, intermediate host (echinococcosis) or paratenic i.e. transport host (Toxocara). Damage to the host is mechanical or chemical due to the metabolic products of the parasite, which takes away nutrients from the host and depletes it. Parasites cause antigenic variations and immune mimicry, allowing them to exist in the host despite humoral and cellular immunity.

Parasitic pathogens are transmitted from animals to humans and from human to human through blood transfusions, such as echinococcosis, Babesia, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, or through organ transplants such as Toxoplasma and Strongyloides stercoralis. Transmission via organs is more common, especially in heart transplantations. Iatrogenic transmission is also possible through microfilariae. Cysts, oocysts and larval forms of parasites, are also transmitted to humans through food (poorly washed vegetables): Entamoeba histolytica, other amoebae, Balantidium coli, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis. Toxoplasma oocysts are only excreted by cats, however, there is also a possibility of transmission via cysts in the muscle of various animal species through meat that is not sufficiently cooked or roasted. Sarcocystis is transmitted to humans through beef and pig meat.

Developmental forms of trematodes, such as the metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, are encysted on plants and transmitted to humans through ingestion of poorly washed plants. The victims are mostly invaded through aquatic plants, watercress, or floating cercariae (an example of a schistosome where P/C is the intrusion of cercariae into the host body). Humans can be invaded by cysticerci in the meat of cattle and pigs; with Diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm, where tapeworm is the developmental form, plerocercoid, in fish; through the eggs of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, which may be on forest fruits, mushrooms or on the hair of an animal with which humans come into contact.

It is possible that developmental forms of nematodes can be transmitted through food via improperly cooked meat or raw meat of snails, crustaceans, frogs, reptiles and fresh fish. These developmental forms can cause cerebral or intestinal angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomyiasis and gongilonemiasis. The Anisakis worm is transmitted via marine fish, which contain L3 larvae. In humans, allergic reactions can occur following ingestion due to the secretions of larvae, which can be found in the stomach and aesophagus of humans and cause problems. Trichinella is transmitted through undercooked or roasted meat.

Various flies, Musca, Calliphora and Sarcophaga, lay eggs or larvae on food and can cause intestinal (pseudo) myiasis, and also transmit cysts, oocysts and parasite eggs on extremities. Acanthocephala is transmitted through beetles and cockroaches. Humans are invaded when they ingest the developmental form of beetles or other insects. Linguatula serrata and Pentastomide can be transmitted via raw or improperly prepared offal of cattle and small ruminants where live nymphs invade humans or dogs. Humans can be invaded by Metastrongylus apri, a pig lung worm. There have also occasionally been reports of human infestation with Trichuris vulpis or T. suis.

3. Zoonoses of viral aetiology

Rabies is a typical representative of the group of zoonoses. Thanks to oral vaccination of foxes, the situation in terms of the sylvatic form of rabies within the EU is favourable, however, a poorly controlled epidemiological picture in neighbouring EU countries as well as the occurrence of rabies in bats and recorded virus outbreaks from bats to other mammals still poses a threat that it could be reintroduced.

Viruses classified in the Flaviviridae family are particularly relevant for covering in-depth in this subject. Viral diseases are appearing in Europe as well as in Slovenia that were considered completely ‘exotic’ a few years ago, thus students will learn more about viruses such as West Nile, Usutu and Dengue, and, of course, current viruses such as Coronavirus and Hepatitis E virus will also be covered.

Supervisor: Ožbalt Podpečan

Students will deepen their knowledge of specialised bovine surgery. This subject prepares students for work in the field of bovine surgery in the field and specialised bovine clinics.

Supervisor: Aleksandra Domanjko Petrič

The purpose of the elective subject Cynology for Veterinarians is to acquaint 5th or 6th year students of veterinary medicine with various aspects that border on cynology and science, as well as on veterinary medicine itself.

In the course of various lectures supported by videos, the following is discussed:

• The origin of dogs and breeds
• Understanding the physiological behaviour of dogs and their communication with humans
• Ageing and age-related changes in behaviour and basic principles of learning
• Understanding of various behavioural problems such as:

1. Various forms of aggression
2. Common behavioural problems
3. Inappropriate behaviour in the house, such as stealing or destroying things, hyperactivity
4. Behavioural disorders, e.g. stereotypes, etc.

• The subject also covers areas such as how these problems should be approached, how can inappropriate behaviour be modified, and the history of the development of dog learning.

As part of field exercises students visit:

• A centre for training service dogs for the needs of the police, where they demonstrate how to train dogs for various needs
• A rescue dog unit, where students are familarised with the principles of training rescue dogs
• Additionally, a dog trainer visits, who theoretically and practically acquaints students with the principles of dog training

The exam is in the form of a test following the lectures.